Genomic Diversity and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Lineages in Pakistan

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has posed a challenge to disease control efforts worldwide. This study explored the genomic diversity and phylogenetic relationship reported in Pakistan. Our objective was understand transmission dynamics different lineages within country. We retrieved analyzed spike protein sequences from Pakistan compared them with reference analysis revealed clustering Pakistan-origin isolates nine clades representing regions worldwide, suggesting multiple found 96 PANGO Pakistan, 64 these corresponded 4 WHO-designated variants: Alpha, Beta, Delta, Omicron. most dominant were Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Delta (B.1.617.2, AY.108), Omicron (BA.2.75, BA.5.2), N-terminal domain receptor binding hypervariable gene. Compared strain, characteristic substitutions variants. findings emphasize importance continuously monitoring assessing nucleotide residue over time virus evolutionary trends better devise effective interventions.